People who declared to be

People who declared to be non-white attend religious activities more than white people. However, this result occurs only among women who attend church less than once a month. This result is consistent with the nearly raised by Azzi and Ehrenberg (1975) model which explains differences in demands for religion, observed by color/race. Therefore, the results of this study are in accordance with the stylized facts indicated by Azzi and Ehrenberg (1975). In fact, church attendance increases with age and is more intense among non-white and residents of rural areas. Besides that it was confirmed that schooling does not affect the frequency the activities or religious services. It can be said that the results presented here are in compliance with Narita and Anuatti (2004), Oliveira et al. (2013), among others.
Final considerations To estimate the determinants of the frequency to services or religious activities in Brazil, we used the theoretical support of economics of religion, developed by Azzi and Ehrenberg (1975), and information from the National Demographic and Health of Children and Women (PNDS) 2006. From the descriptive analysis of the data, it is verified a “religious migration”, especially from the women who were established in the Catholic religion to the Evangelical (traditional and Pentecostal). This follows from the fact that 81.8% of women were educated on Catholic principles, while 65% reported being Catholic at the time of the research. Yet, among evangelical it is observed a growth of more than 8 percentage points since 14.6% said they had been educated in evangelical religion and 22.7% said they are currently evangelical. Note that these percentages are equivalent to the Moreira-Almeida\'s research (2010) on religious involvement and sociodemographic factors, which from a random sample of Brazilian population (n=3007) found that the most common religious affiliations were Catholic (68%) and Protestant/Evangelical (23%). Regarding demographic characteristics, those self declared white are more likely to never demand activities or religious services, vis-à-vis women of other colors/races. In relation to age, it can be seen that the greater the age, the higher the chance of having greater religious attendance. These findings corroborate the evidence of Azzi and Ehrenberg (1975).
Introduction The growing numbers of obese and overweight people in Brazilian and global populations have caused concern among policymakers and researchers. This has contributed to an increase in research highlighting the role of economic factors in relation to obesity, sport participation and healthy lifestyle choices, as addressed by Brown and Roberts (2011), Chau et al. (2008) and Vaughan et al. (2008). Despite the importance of physical activity and healthy lifestyle choices highlighted by the growing literature on participation in sporting activities, discussion about the consequences of these activities in the labor market is still recent, as reported by Lechner (2009) and Kosteas (2012). However, according to Downward and Riordan (2007), Kosteas (2011) and Gidlow et al. (2006), discussion regarding the economic determinants of engaging in physical activity and its impact on the labor market is still new and there are scarce literature. For illustrative purposes, we conducted a literature search on the PUBMED database using the terms “physical activity” and “economics”. We found in this search more than 28,000 articles that investigate adult participation in physical activities. However, we found, only 49 articles published between 1980 and 2013 that exploring the economics aspects in the sport participation. The discussion about sport participation stems from research into the effect of human capital and obesity on individual earnings. Baum and Ford (2004), Cawley (2004), Register and Williams (1990), Loh (1989) and Caliendo and Gehrsitz (2014) showed that obese employees are penalized by the job market, earning between 5.5 and 24% less than their non-obese counterparts. Wage penalties caused by obesity are higher for women. The authors report that obese people receive lower salaries because Semiconservative replication are less productive due to obesity-related health problems. Moreover, Hamermesh and Biddle (1994) showed that people who consider themselves physically attractive earn between 5 and 10% more than others. Much like attractive and slim individuals, tall people are also paid higher wages, according to Schultz (2002). Two studies, one conducted by Lechner (2009) in Germany and the other by Kosteas (2012) in the United States, showed that sedentary individuals earn 5–10% less than those who practice some type of sport.